The Charophyta are a division of green algae The green algae are the large group of algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged. As such, they form a paraphyletic group, although the group including both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic (and often just known as kingdom Plantae). The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always,[1] including the closest relatives of the embryophyte The embryophytes are the most familiar group of plants. They include trees, flowers, ferns, mosses, and various other green land plants. All are complex multicellular eukaryotes with specialized reproductive organs. With very few exceptions, embryophytes obtain their energy through photosynthesis ; and they synthesize their food from carbon plants.[2] In some groups, such as conjugating green algae, flagellate Flagellates are cells with one or more whip-like organelles called flagella. Some cells in animals may be flagellate, for instance the spermatozoa of most phyla. Higher plants and fungi do not produce flagellate cells, but the closely related green algae and chytrids do. Many protists take the form of single-celled flagellates cells do not occur. The latter group does engage in sexual reproduction, and motility does not involve flagella, since they are totally lacking. Flagellate cells in the form of sperm are found in stoneworts (Charales Charales is an order of pondweeds, freshwater algae in the division Charophyta. They are green plants believed to be the closest relatives of the green land plants. Linnaeus established the genus in 1753) and Coleochaetales The Coleochaetales are a family of parenchymous charophyte algae. They questionably include the fossil genus Parka.

Classification

Because they exclude the embryophytes, the Charophyta make a paraphyletic In phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all the descendants of that ancestor group (although the division Charophyta is occasionally restricted to simply the Charales Charales is an order of pondweeds, freshwater algae in the division Charophyta. They are green plants believed to be the closest relatives of the green land plants. Linnaeus established the genus in 1753 or stoneworts, which are monophyletic). The Charophyta plus the embryophytes make up the Streptophyta, which is a monophyletic group.

References

  1. ^ Lewis, Louise A.; Richard M. McCourt (2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants" (abstract). American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi The Digital Object Identifier System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks. These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean the:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/10/1535.
  2. ^ Karol KG, McCourt RM, Cimino MT, Delwiche CF (December 2001). "The closest living relatives of land plants". Science (journal) 294 (5550): 2351–3. doi The Digital Object Identifier System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks. These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean the:10.1126/science.1065156. PMID 11743201. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11743201.

See also

Early land floræ
Related links Evolutionary history of plants Plants have evolved through increasing levels of complexity, from the earliest algal mats, through bryophytes, lycopods, ferns and gymnosperms to the complex angiosperms of today. While the simple plants continue to thrive, especially in the environments in which they evolved, each new grade of organisation has eventually become more " • Rhynie chert The Rhynie chert is an Early Devonian Lagerstätte found near the village of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, containing exceptionally preserved plant, fungus, lichen and animal material petrified in three dimensions by covering with fast-setting volcanic minerals. The bulk of the fossil bed consists of primitive plants , along with arthropods, • External link directory
The first...? Vascular plant, Cooksonia • Tree, Wattieza • Lycopods, the Drepanophycales and the Zosterophylls • Fungus fossil, Ornatifilum • Lichen, Spongiophyton
Enigmatic taxa Cuticular remains: Cosmochlaina, Nematothallus • A giant fungus A fungus is a eukaryotic organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (pronounced /ˈfʌndʒaɪ/ or /ˈfʌŋɡaɪ/). The fungi are a monophyletic group, also called the Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes), that is phylogenetically distinct from the morphologically similar slime molds (myxomycetes) and water molds (oomycetes). The fungi are? — Prototaxites
Sister taxa Green algae The green algae are the large group of algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged. As such, they form a paraphyletic group, although the group including both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic (and often just known as kingdom Plantae). The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always: Charophyta, from which land plants evolved • Chaetocladus, an early alga
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Classification of Archaeplastida The Archaeplastida are a major line of eukaryotes, comprising the land plants, green and red algae, and a small group called the glaucophytes. All of these organisms have plastids surrounded by two membranes, suggesting they developed directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. In all other groups, plastids are surrounded by three or four membranes, / Plantae sensu lato Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. They include familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. About 350,000 species of plants, defined as seed plants, bryophytes, ferns and fern allies, are estimated to exist currently. As of 2004, some 287,655 species had been
Rhodophyta The red algae (or Rhodophyta, pronounced /roʊˈdɒfɨtə, ˌroʊdəˈfaɪtə/, from Greek: ῥόδον = rose + φυτόν (phyton) = plant, thus red plant) are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae, and also one of the largest, with about 5,000–6,000 species of mostly multicellular, marine algae, including many notable seaweeds. Other Rhodophyceae · Bangiophyceae Bangiophyceae was a class of red algae; it has since been merged with the Floridophyceae to form the Rhodophyceae. The Bangiophyceae, as defined traditionally, are paraphyletic.. Their taxonomic identification has been difficult because of a lack of distinct morphological features, and the presumed morphological plasticity of the species · Florideophyceae Florideophyceae was a class of red algae. It is now merged with the Bangiaceae into the Rhodophyceae. They were once thought to be the only algae to bear pit connections, but these have since been found in the filamentous stage of the Bangiacae · Goniotrichales · Stylonematophyceae
Glaucocystophyceae The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of freshwater microscopic algae. Together with the red algae and Viridiplantae they form the Archaeplastida. However, the relationships between the red algae, green algae and glaucophytes are unclear, in large part due to limited study of the glaucophytes Glaucocystis · Cyanophora · Gloeochaete
Viridiplantae In some classification systems they have been treated as a kingdom, under various names, e.g. Viridiplantae, Chlorobionta, or simply Plantae/ Plantae sensu stricto
Chlorophyta Chlorophyta, a division of green algae, includes about 7000 species of mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. Like the land plants , green algae contain chlorophylls a and b, and store food as starch in their plastids. They are related to the Charophyta and Embryophyta (land plants), together making up the Viridiplantae/GA The green algae are the large group of algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged. As such, they form a paraphyletic group, although the group including both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic (and often just known as kingdom Plantae). The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always Bryopsidophyceae In taxonomy, the Bryopsidophyceae are a class of green algae, in the division Chlorophyta · Chlorophyceae The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. For example the chlorophycean CW clade, and chlorophycean DO clade, are defined by the arrangement of their flagella. Members of the CW clade have flagella that are displaced in a "clockwise" direction eg · Pedinophyceae In taxonomy, the Pedinomonadaceae are a family of algae. They are small single-celled algae. Each cell has a single flagellum. It has been proposed to be either in the Mamiellales or the Ulvophyceae, but it has not been studied enough to confidently place it · Pleurastrophyceae In taxonomy, the Pleurastrophyceae are a class of green algae, in the division Chlorophyta. It was created by Mattox and Stewart in 1984, containing four genera. More recent classifications tend to split the group. On the one hand, Tetraselmis seems to be a sister to the so-called UTC clade , thus making it part of the (paraphyletic) · Prasinophyceae In taxonomy, Prasinophytes are a class of the Division Chlorophyta. These are primitive eukaryotic, marine green algae. Its best known genus is Ostreococcus , which is considered to be the smallest (ca. 0.95 μm) free-living eukaryote and which has been detected in marine samples around the world. Prasinophytes are thought to have low cellular · Trebouxiophyceae In taxonomy, the Trebouxiophyceae are a class of green algae, in the division Chlorophyta · Ulvophyceae The Ulvophyceae or Ulvophytes are class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. The sea lettuce, Ulva, belongs here. Other well-known members include Ulothrix and Acetabularia. The Ulvophytes are diverse in their morphology and their habitat. Most are seaweeds such as those listed above. Others, such as
Streptophyta Streptophytina is formally a subdivision or subphylum which contains two classes: Charophyceae, containing the Charales order (Charophytes sensu stricto); and Embryophyceae, which contains the embryophytes (land plants, bryophytes, and vascular plants)
Charophyta/GA The green algae are the large group of algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged. As such, they form a paraphyletic group, although the group including both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic (and often just known as kingdom Plantae). The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always
Charophyceae Charophyceae is a taxon of green algae whose exact rank is the matter of some current debate. Some botanists recommend expanding the existing plant kingdom to include charophyceans and chlorophytes while others consider Charophyceae to be a class within either the divisions Chlorophyta, Streptophytina, or Streptophyta. Other systematists classify Charales Charales is an order of pondweeds, freshwater algae in the division Charophyta. They are green plants believed to be the closest relatives of the green land plants. Linnaeus established the genus in 1753
Coleochaetophyceae The Coleochaetales are a family of parenchymous charophyte algae. They questionably include the fossil genus Parka Coleochaetales The Coleochaetales are a family of parenchymous charophyte algae. They questionably include the fossil genus Parka
Zygnematophyceae Zygnematophyceae is an order of green algae. It contains two orders: Zygnematales and Desmidiales Desmidiales Desmids are an order of green algae, comprising around 40 genera and 5,000 to 6,000 species, found mostly but not exclusively in fresh water. Most are unicellular, and are divided into two compartments separated by a narrow bridge or isthmus. Desmids assume a variety of highly symmetrical and generally attractive shapes, which provide the basis · Zygnematales The Zygnematales (Greek: ζυγός + νήμα (nēma) (nom.), νήματος (nēmatos) (gen.)), also called the Conjugales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in genera such as the well-known Zygnema and Spirogyra. All the members of this group develop into unbranched filaments, one cell thick, which grow
Embryophyta The embryophytes are the most familiar group of plants. They include trees, flowers, ferns, mosses, and various other green land plants. All are complex multicellular eukaryotes with specialized reproductive organs. With very few exceptions, embryophytes obtain their energy through photosynthesis ; and they synthesize their food from carbon/ Plantae sensu strictissimo
Bryophytes Bryophytes are all embryophytes that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. They neither have flowers nor produce seeds, reproducing via spores. The term bryophyte comes from Greek βρύον - bryon, "tree-moss, oyster-green" + φυτόν - fyton & (non-vascular Non-vascular plants is a general term for those plants without a vascular system . Although non-vascular plants lack these particular tissues, a number of non-vascular plants possess tissues specialized for internal transport of water) Marchantiophyta The Marchantiophyta [mɑːˌkæntiˈɑːfɪtə] (help·info) are a division of bryophyte plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like other bryophytes, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information · Anthocerotophyta Hornworts are a group of bryophytes, or non-vascular plants, comprising the division Anthocerotophyta. The common name refers to the elongated horn-like structure, which is the sporophyte. The flattened, green plant body of a hornwort is the gametophyte plant · Bryophyta "Moss" Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1–10 cm tall, though some species are much larger. They commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations. They do not have flowers or seeds, and their simple leaves cover the thin wiry stems. At certain times mosses produce spore capsules which may appear as beak-like · Horneophytopsida Horneophytopsida is a class of early vascular plants including the genera Caia, Tortilicaulis, and Horneophyton. Although formerly classified among the Rhyniophyta, the group is distinctive for having branched sporangia, and lacking true xylem
Tracheophyta Vascular plants are those plants that have lignified tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. Vascular plants include the ferns, clubmosses, flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. Scientific names for the group include Tracheophyta and Tracheobionta, but neither name is very widely used.[
Lycopodiophyta The Division Lycopodiophyta is a tracheophyte subdivision of the Kingdom Plantae. It is the oldest extant (living) vascular plant division at around 420 million years old,[citation needed] and includes some of the most "primitive" extant species. These species reproduce by shedding spores and have macroscopic alternation of generations, Isoetopsida The Isoetopsida is a class of the Lycopodiophyta. All living plants belong to the genus Isoetes in the order Isoetales. The order Isoetales is sometimes placed in the class Isoetopsida, sometimes in the Selaginellopsida or Lycopsida. There are about 140-150 species, with a cosmopolitan distribution but often scarce to rare. Some botanists split (Isoetales Isoëtes, also written Isoetes and commonly known as the Quillworts, is the genus of plants in the class Isoetopsida and order Isoetales. The order Isoetales is sometimes placed in the class Isoetopsida, sometimes in the Selaginellopsida or Lycopsida. They are considered "fern allies". There are about 140-150 species, with a cosmopolitan, Selaginellales) · Lycopodiopsida (Lycopodiales)
Euphyllophyta Moniliformopses (Equisetopsida, Filicopsida, Psilotopsida) Spermatophyta: Gymnosperm (Pinophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta) · Magnoliophyta
see also list of plant orders
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