A corm (or bulbo-tuber, bulbotuber) is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. They include familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The scientific study of plants, known as botany, has identified about 350,000 extant species of plants, defined as seed plants, bryophytes, ferns and fern allies. As of 2004, stem A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaves, inflorescence , cones or other stems etc. The internodes distance one node from another. The term shoots is often confused with stems; shoots generally refer to new fresh that serves as a storage organ A storage organ is a part of a plant specifically modified for storage of energy or water. Storage organs often grow underground, where they are better protected from attack by herbivores. Underground storage organs and the plants that bear them are sometimes called geophytes (see Raunkiær plant life-form) used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (estivation Estivation or aestivation , also known as "summer sleep", is a state of animal dormancy somewhat similar to hibernation. It takes place during times of heat and dryness, the hot dry season, which is often but not inevitably the summer months). A corm consists of one or more internodes A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaves, inflorescence , cones or other stems etc. The internodes act as spaces that distance one node from another. The term shoots is often confused with stems; shoots generally with at least one growing point, with protective leaves modified into skins or tunics. The thin tunic leaves are dry papery, dead petiole sheaths, formed from the leaves produced the year before, which act as a covering that protects the corm from insects and water loss. Internally a corm is mostly made of starch-containing parenchyma Parenchyma is a term used to describe a bulk of a substance. It is used in different ways in animals and in plants cells above a circular basal node that grows roots.
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Comparison of the corm and the bulb
Corms are sometimes confused with true bulbs A bulb is a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases. The leaves often function as food storage organs during dormancy; they are often similar in appearance to bulbs externally, and thus erroneously called bulbs. Corms are stems that are internally structured with solid tissues, which distinguishes them from bulbs, which are mostly made up of layered fleshy scales that are modified leaves. As a result, when a corm is cut in half it is solid, but when a true bulb is cut in half it is made up of layers.[1] Corms are structurally plant stems, with nodes and internodes with buds and produce adventitious Adventitious, in botany, refers to structures that develop in an unusual place, and in medicine, it refers to conditions acquired after birth. This article discusses adventitious roots, buds and shoots, which are very common in vascular plants roots. On the top of the corm, one or a few buds grow into shoots that produce normal leaves and flowers.
Gladiolus Gladiolus is a genus of perennial bulbous flowering plants in the iris family (Iridaceae). Sometimes called the sword lily, the most widely used English common name for these plants is simply gladiolus (plural gladioli, gladioluses or sometimes gladiolas) corm, showing the formation of small cormels at the end of short stolonsCormels
Corms can form many small cormlets called cormels, from the basal areas of the new growing corms, especially when the main growing point is damaged. They are used to propagate corm forming plants. Corms of a number of species of plants are replaced every year by the plant with growth of a new corm; this process starts after the shoot has developed fully expanded leaves. The new corm forms at the shoot base just above the old corm. As the new corm is growing, short stolons In biology, stolons are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external skeletons are produced that end with the newly growing small cormels. As the plants grow and flower, the old corm is used up and shrivels away. The new corm that replaces the old corm grows in size, especially after flowering is done.
The old corm produces the greatest number of cormels when it is close to the soil surface. The small cormels normally take one or two more years of growth before they are large enough to flower.
Corms can be dug up and used to propagate or redistribute the plant (see, for example, taro Taro is a common name for the corms and tubers of several genera of the family Araceae The name includes species of Colocasia spp (dasheen, taro, cocoyam, eddoe) Alocasia spp (giant taro), Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb) (elephant yam) and Crytosperma chamissons (Shott) and the tropical American Xanthosoma sagittifolim (Shott). Of all the). Plants with corms can be propagated by cutting the corms into sections and replanting. Each section with a bud will generate a new corm.
Roots
Many corms produce two different types of roots. Those growing from the bottom of the corm are normal fibrous roots, they are formed as the shoots grow, and are produced from the basal area at the bottom of the corm. The second type of roots are thicker layered roots that form as the new corms are growing, they are called contractile roots and they pull the corm deeper into the soil. They are produced in response to fluctuating soil temperatures and light levels. Once the corm is deep enough within the soil where the temperature is more uniform and there is no light, the contractile roots no longer grow and the corm is no longer pulled deeper into the soil.
Plants with corms
Cultivated plants that form corms include:
- Arisaema Another species Arisaema tortuosum is found in the Western Ghats and northern parts of India. This is commonly called whipcord cobra lily and by many other names in the Indian subcontinent
- Bessera
- Bananas Banana is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus Musa and for the fruit they produce. Bananas come in a variety of sizes and colors when ripe, including yellow, purple, and red. In popular culture and commerce, "banana" usually refers to soft, sweet "dessert" bananas. By contrast, Musa cultivars with firmer, (Musa Musa is one of three genera in the family Musaceae; it includes bananas and plantains. There are over 50 species of Musa with a broad variety of uses. The word "banana" came via Portuguese or Spanish from a West African language (possibly Wolof) circa 1597 and has since found its way into most Western languages. The scientific name for spp.) [2]
- Brodiaea
- Crocosmia
- Crocuses Crocus is a genus of perennial flowering plants, native to a large area from coastal and subalpine areas of central and southern Europe (including the islands of the Aegean), North Africa and the Middle East, across Central Asia to western China, including the saffron Saffron is a spice derived from the flower of the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus), a species of crocus in the Iridaceae. A C. sativus flower bears three stigmas, each the distal end of a carpel. Together with their styles—stalks connecting stigmas to their host plant—stigmas are dried and used in cooking as a seasoning and colouring agent crocus (Crocus Crocus is a genus of perennial flowering plants, native to a large area from coastal and subalpine areas of central and southern Europe (including the islands of the Aegean), North Africa and the Middle East, across Central Asia to western China spp.)
- Dichelostemma
- Dierama
- Eleocharis dulcis The Chinese water chestnut , more often called simply the water chestnut, is a grass-like sedge grown for its edible corms. They grow underwater in mud. It has tube-shaped, leafless green stems that grow to about 1.5 metres. The water caltrop, which is also referred to by the same name, is unrelated and often confused with the water chestnut (Chinese water chestnut)
- Ensete Ensete, or Enset, is a genus of plants, native to tropical regions of Africa and Asia. It is one of the three genera in the banana family, Musaceae spp. (enset)
- Freesia Freesia Ecklon ex Klatt is a genus of 14–16 species of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae, native to Africa. Of the 14 species, 12 are native to Cape Province, South Africa, the remaining two to tropical Africa, one species extending north of the equator to Sudan
- Gladiolus Gladiolus is a genus of perennial bulbous flowering plants in the iris family (Iridaceae). Sometimes called the sword lily, the most widely used English common name for these plants is simply gladiolus (plural gladioli, gladioluses or sometimes gladiolas)
- Some species of irises Iris is a genus of 260 species of flowering plants with showy flowers. It takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, referring to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. As well as being the scientific name, iris is also very widely used as a common name; for one thing, it refers to all Iris species, though some (Iris Iris is a genus of 260 species of flowering plants with showy flowers. It takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, referring to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. As well as being the scientific name, iris is also very widely used as a common name; for one thing, it refers to all Iris species, though some spp.)
- Konjac
- Liatris
- Milla
- Montbretia
- Pulaka
- Romulea
- Sagittaria spp. (arrowhead or wapatoo)
- Tecophilaea
- Taro Taro is a common name for the corms and tubers of several genera of the family Araceae The name includes species of Colocasia spp (dasheen, taro, cocoyam, eddoe) Alocasia spp (giant taro), Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb) (elephant yam) and Crytosperma chamissons (Shott) and the tropical American Xanthosoma sagittifolim (Shott). Of all the (Colocasia esculenta, Alocasia macrorrhiza)
- Xanthosoma spp. (malanga, cocoyam, tannia, and other names)
See also
- Rhizome In botany, a rhizome is a characteristically horizontal stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes may also be referred to as creeping rootstalks or rootstocks
- Tuber Tubers are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store nutrients. They are used by plants to survive the winter or dry months and provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season and they are a means of asexual reproduction. Two different groups of tubers are: stem tubers, and root tubers
- Root vegetable Root vegetables are plant roots used as vegetables. Here "root" means any underground part of a plant
References
- ^ "Bulbs and More - Bulb Basics". urbanext.illinois.edu. http://urbanext.illinois.edu/bulbs/bulbbasics.html. Retrieved 2009-12-25.
- ^ http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=121345
Categories: Plant morphology Plant morphology is the field in botany that studies the diversity in forms, with the naked eye or slight optical magnification. This is opposed to plant anatomy that needs to cut into plants to be able to study its subject, usually with a microscope | Plant reproduction
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