In botany Botany, plant science, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines concerned with the study of plants, algae and fungi, including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary, the cortex is the outer layer of the stem A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaves, inflorescence , cones or other stems etc. The internodes distance one node from another. The term shoots is often confused with stems; shoots generally refer to new fresh or root In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil. This is not always the case, however, since a root can also be aerial or aerating (growing up above the ground or especially above water). Furthermore, a stem normally occurring below ground is not exceptional either (see rhizome). So, it is of a plant, bounded on the outside by the epidermis The epidermis is a single-layered group of cells that covers plants leaves, flowers, roots and stems. It forms a boundary between the plant and the external world. The epidermis serves several functions, it protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, and absorbs water and mineral nutrients. The epidermis of and on the inside by the endodermis In plants, it is a thin layer of parenchyma found in roots, just outside the vascular cylinder. It helps regulate the passive movements of water and ions, and consists of a single-celled ring which forms a selective barrier between the outer cortex and the inner pericycle tissue. In the roots, the endodermis cells are impregnated with suberin, (or. It is composed mostly of undifferentiated cells, usually large thin-walled parenchyma Parenchyma is a term used to describe a bulk of a substance. It is used in different ways in animals and in plants cells of the ground tissue Parenchyma is the most common and versatile ground tissue. It forms, for example, the cortex and pith of stems, the cortex of roots, the mesophyll of leaves, the pulp of fruits, and the endosperm of seeds. Parenchyma cells are living cells and may remain meristematic at maturity, meaning that they are capable of cell division. They have thin but system. The outer cortical cells often acquire irregularly thickened cell walls, and are called collenchyma cells. Some of the outer cortical cells may contain chloroplasts Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis. It is responsible for the transportation of materials into the central cylinder of the root through diffusion and may also be used for food storage in the form of starch.
See also
Categories: Plant anatomy Plant anatomy is that field in botany that needs to cut into plants to be able to study its subject, as opposed to "plant morphology" that can study its subject without resorting to a knife | Plant physiology Plant physiology is the study of the function, or physiology of plants. Fundamental processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and floral inducation are studied by plant physiologists
