The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks. These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean the identifiers within this system; hence the use of the term alone is deprecated unless the meaning is sufficiently clear from an earlier mention or the specific context: instead it should always be used in conjunction with a specific noun. The DOI name is the identifier string that specifies a unique object (the referent) within the DOI System; the DOI syntax is the form and sequence of characters comprising any DOI name, specifically the prefix element, separator, and suffix element; and the DOI System is the functional deployment of DOI names as identifiers in computer sensible form through assignment, resolution, referent description, administration, etc.

The DOI System can be used to identify physical, digital, or abstract entities; these names resolve to data specified by the registrant, and use an extensible metadata model to associate descriptive and other elements of data with the DOI Name. The DOI System is an implementation of the Handle System The Handle System is a technology specification for assigning, managing, and resolving persistent identifiers for digital objects and other resources on the Internet. The protocols specified enable a distributed computer system to store identifiers , of digital resources and resolve those handles into the information necessary to locate, access, and of the indecs Content Model and so inherits the design principles and features of each.

The DOI System is implemented through a federation of DOI Registration Agencies, under policies and common infrastructure provided by the International DOI Foundation,[1] which developed and controls the system. The DOI System has been developed and implemented in a range of publishing applications since 2000; by early 2009 approximately 40 million DOI names had been assigned.

Contents

International DOI Foundation (IDF)

The International DOI Foundation (IDF), a non-profit organisation created in 1998, is the governance body of the DOI System. It safeguards all intellectual property rights Intellectual property are legal property rights over creations of the mind, both artistic and commercial, and the corresponding fields of law. Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; ideas, discoveries and inventions; and words, relating to the DOI System, manages common operational features, and supports the development and promotion of the DOI System. The IDF ensures that any improvements made to the DOI System (including creation, maintenance, registration, resolution and policymaking of DOI names) are available to any DOI registrant, and that no third party licenses might reasonably be required to practice the DOI standard.

IDF is controlled by a Board elected by the members of the Foundation, with an appointed Managing Agent who is responsible for co-ordinating and planning its activities. Membership is open to all organizations with an interest in electronic publishing and related enabling technologies.

Applications

A DOI name can be assigned to any object that is a form of intellectual property. The term object is used with a specific sense within the DOI system: in the ontology sense of any entity, like the common meaning of the word "thing" (rather than in any computer science sense e.g. Object-oriented programming). So "DOI" is parsed as "digital identifier of an object", rather than "identifier of a digital object". As well as identifying digital media manifestations of intellectual property, DOI names can also identify physical manifestations, performances A performance, in performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people behave in a particular way for another group of people (the audience). Sometimes the dividing line between performer and the audience may become blurred, as in the example of "participatory theatre" where audience members might get involved in and abstract works. For example, they can be used to identify: e-texts; images; audio or video items and software, etc. DOI names can also be assigned to related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.).

An entity can be identified at any arbitrary level of granularity Granularity is the extent to which a system is broken down into small parts, either the system itself or its description or observation. It is the "extent to which a larger entity is subdivided. For example, a yard broken into inches has finer granularity than a yard broken into feet.". This means that, for instance, DOI names can identify a journal, an individual issue of a journal, an individual article in the journal or a single table in that article. The choice of granularity is left to the assigner, but in the DOI System it must be declared as part of the accompanying metadata; where an application is highly reliant on knowledge of granularity and relationships, the accompanying metadata specified as a requirement by the DOI Registration Agency will normally describe this, using a data dictionary based on the indecs Content Model.

Applications of the DOI System are provided by DOI Registration Agencies (RAs), appointed by the IDF, whose primary role is to provide services to DOI registrants: allocating DOI prefixes, registering DOI names and providing the necessary infrastructure to allow registrants to declare and maintain metadata and state data. RAs are also expected to actively promote the widespread adoption of the DOI System, to cooperate with the IDF in the development of the DOI System as a whole and to provide services on behalf of their specific user community. A list of current RAs is maintained by the International DOI Foundation.

Currently, most applications use a single redirection to a managed URL. It is expected that more applications will begin to make use of additional features in the DOI System, such as multiple resolution (the return as output of several pieces of current information related to a DOI-identified entity — specifically at least one URL plus defined data structures allowing management) and the provision of structured metadata in machine-readable form.

Major applications currently include:

An illustration of an application making good use of DOI System functionality is OECD's The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (in French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an international organisation of 30 countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and free-market economy. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a high HDI and are regarded as publication service SourceOECD SourceOECD is the online library of the OECD. Everything published by the OECD is available online on SourceOECD, free at the point of use: each table or graph in an OECD publication containing a DOI name leads to an Excel file of data underlying the tables & graphs. Further development of such services is planned.[2].

A multilingual European DOI RA activity, mEDRA and a Chinese RA, Wanfang Data, are active in non-English language markets. Expansion to other sectors is planned by the International DOI Foundation.

The DOI System is currently being standardised through the International Organization for Standardization The International Organization for Standardization , widely known as ISO (pronounced /ˈaɪsoʊ/), is an international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary industrial and commercial standards. It has its, in its technical committee on identification and description TC46/SC9. In April 2008 the Committee Draft prepared by an international Working Group was approved, after voting by ISO's national bodies, for distribution as a Draft International Standard (DIS). In February 2009, ISO provided further editorial comments on that draft. A further revised draft was submitted to ISO on 2 April 2009. Depending upon the result of ISO activities and further voting, the final standard may be published in 2009 or 2010. [3]

DOI names may be used with other appropriate technology to provide added services, e.g., the OpenURL for context sensitive linking: the DOI directory is OpenURL-enabled so can recognize a user with access to an OpenURL link resolver. Hence on resolving, metadata can be pulled from the DOI agency CrossRef to create an OpenURL targeting the current local link resolver. Such an OpenURL link that contains a DOI name is persistent; publishers who use the CrossRef DOI System to identify their content make their products OpenURL-aware.

Features and benefits

DOI names were developed with the key intended benefits of:

The DOI System uses two underlying technologies plus a social infrastructure to achieve this. The technical infrastructure inherits the features and capabilities of the two underlying technologies: the Handle System and the indecs content model.

The Handle System ensures that the DOI name:

And that the DOI name's resolution mechanism:

The Handle System's The Handle System is a technology specification for assigning, managing, and resolving persistent identifiers for digital objects and other resources on the Internet. The protocols specified enable a distributed computer system to store identifiers , of digital resources and resolve those handles into the information necessary to locate, access, ability to provide administrative granularity, multiple resolution, and data typing were key to its selection for the DOI System. The Handle System is part of a Digital Object Architecture which relates to digital objects in a computer science sense, as an identifiable item of structured information in digital form within a network-based computer environment. Any object in the more general sense (the ontology sense, the word "thing") may be represented as a digital object, so there is no inconsistency in this use in the DOI System.

The indecs Content Model is the basis of the DOI System's approach to assigning metadata to define a referent and its relationships. This approach places importance on:

The International DOI Foundation (IDF) oversees the integration of these technologies and operation of the system through a technical and social infrastructure. The social infrastructure of a federation of independent registration agencies offering DOI services was modelled on existing successful federated deployments of identifiers such as GS1 GS1 is an international, not-for-profit association dedicated to the development and implementation of global standards and solutions to improve the efficiency and visibility of supply and demand chains globally and across multiple sectors. The GS1 System of standards is the most widely used supply chain standards system in the world and ISBN The International Standard Book Number, or ISBN , is a unique, numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966.

Comparison with other identifier schemes

A DOI name differs from commonly used Internet pointers to material such as the URL, because it identifies an object as a first-class entity, not simply the place where the object is located. A DOI name also differs from identifiers such as the ISBN The International Standard Book Number, or ISBN , is a unique, numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966, ISRC The International Standard Recording Code , defined by ISO 3901, is an international standard code for uniquely identifying sound recordings and music video recordings. IFPI has been appointed by ISO as registration authority for this standard. The ISO technical committee 46, subcommittee 9 (TC 46/SC 9) is responsible for the standard. Note that, etc. because it can be associated with defined services and is immediately actionable on a network.

The comparison of persistent identifier approaches is difficult simply because they are not all doing the same thing: just because we imprecisely refer to a set of schemes as 'identifiers' doesn't mean that we can easily compare them one to another. Similarly, if we compare any two technologies (e.g. two web browsers) we must define what criteria are being used for comparison.

The comparison of persistent identifier approaches is difficult because they are not all doing the same thing. Imprecisely referring to a set of schemes as "identifiers" doesn't mean that they can be compared easily. Similarly, when any two technologies (e.g., two web browsers) are compared, the criteria used for comparison must be defined.

The DOI System offers persistent, semantically interoperable resolution to related current data, and is best suited to material that will be used in services outside the direct control of the issuing assigner (e.g., public citation, or managing content of value). It uses a managed registry (providing social and technical infrastructure). It does not assume any specific business model for the provision of identifiers or services, and enables other existing services to link to it in defined ways.

Other "identifier systems" may be enabling technologies with low barriers to entry, providing an easy to use labelling mechanism where anyone can set up a new instance (examples include PURL A persistent uniform resource locator is a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) (i.e. location-based Uniform Resource Identifier or URI) that does not directly describe the location of the resource to be retrieved but instead describes an intermediate (more persistent) location which, when retrieved, results in redirection (e.g. via a 302 HTTP status, URLs In computing, a Uniform Resource Locator is a type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that specifies where an identified resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it. In popular usage and in many technical documents and verbal discussions it is often incorrectly used as a synonym for URI. In popular language, a URL is also referred, GUIDS, etc.) but which may lack some of the functionality of a registry-controlled scheme and usually lack accompanying metadata in a controlled scheme. The DOI System does not have this approach and should not be compared directly to such identifier schemes. Various applications using such enabling technologies with added features have been devised which meet some of the features offered by the DOI System (e.g. ARK) for specific sectors.

A DOI name is not dependent on the object's location and, in this way, is similar to a Uniform Resource Name A Uniform Resource Name is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that uses the urn scheme, and does not imply availability of the identified resource. Both URNs (names) and URLs (locators) are URIs, and a particular URI may be a name and a locator at the same time (URN) or Persistent Uniform Resource Locator A persistent uniform resource locator is a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) (i.e. location-based Uniform Resource Identifier or URI) that does not directly describe the location of the resource to be retrieved but instead describes an intermediate (more persistent) location which, when retrieved, results in redirection (e.g. via a 302 HTTP status (PURL) but differs from an ordinary Uniform Resource Locator In computing, a Uniform Resource Locator is a type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that specifies where an identified resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it. In popular usage and in many technical documents and verbal discussions it is often incorrectly used as a synonym for URI. In popular language, a URL is also referred (URL). URLs are often used as substitute identifiers for documents on the Internet (better characterised as URIs In computing, a Uniform Resource Identifier consists of a string of characters used to identify or name a resource on the Internet. Such identification enables interaction with representations of the resource over a network (typically the World Wide Web) using specific protocols. Schemes specifying a specific syntax and associated protocols define) although the same document at two different locations has two URLs. Persistent identifiers such as DOI names identify objects as first class entities: two instances of the same object would have the same DOI name.

Structure of DOI name (identifier string)

A DOI name consists of a unique character string (case-insensitive, legal graphic characters of Unicode not in practice using certain characters such as pointed brackets "<>") divided into two parts: a prefix and a suffix.

An example of a complete DOI name is:

10.1000/182

where:

10.1000 is the prefix:
10 is the directory code. All DOI names start with "10.". This distinguishes a DOI name from any other implementation of the Handle System The Handle System is a technology specification for assigning, managing, and resolving persistent identifiers for digital objects and other resources on the Internet. The protocols specified enable a distributed computer system to store identifiers , of digital resources and resolve those handles into the information necessary to locate, access,.
1000 is the registrant's code (colloquially publisher ID, although it may represent a publishers imprint, one journal, or a whole organization) identifying the registrant. In this DOI name, the number "1000" identifies the International DOI Foundation.
182 is the suffix, or item ID, identifying the single object. For this DOI name, the object corresponding to doi:10.1000/182 is the latest version of the DOI Handbook. (Typical suffixes are longer than this example, e.g., hdy.2009.9 or j.1365-313X.2008.03660.x).

The prefix is assigned by a DOI Registration Agency to a specific registrant. The suffix is assigned by the registrant and must be unique within a prefix. It can integrate existing standard identifiers such as an ISBN The International Standard Book Number, or ISBN , is a unique, numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 or ISSN An International Standard Serial Number is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic periodical publication. The ISSN system was adopted as international standard ISO 3297 in 1975. The ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC 9 is responsible for the standard, or SICI The Serial Item and Contribution Identifier is a code (ANSI/NISO standard Z39.56) used to uniquely identify specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of a periodical. It is “intended primarily for use by those members of the bibliographic community involved in the use or management of serial titles and their contributions”. An example of an application integrating the ISBN with DOI was launched in 2009 [4].

The DOI is considered an "opaque A magic cookie or just cookie for short, is a token or short packet of data passed between communicating programs, where the data is typically not meaningful to the recipient program. The contents are opaque and not usually interpreted until the recipient passes the cookie data back to the sender or perhaps another program at a later time. The string": nothing can be inferred from the number with respect to its use in the DOI System.

Citations using DOI names should be printed as doi:10.1000/182. When the citation is a hypertext link, it is recommended to embed the link as a http proxy expression by appending http://dx.doi.org/ to the DOI name beginning 10. (e.g. the text doi:10.1000/182 is linked as http://dx.doi.org/10.1000/182).

Resolution

DOI name resolution is provided through the Handle System The Handle System is a technology specification for assigning, managing, and resolving persistent identifiers for digital objects and other resources on the Internet. The protocols specified enable a distributed computer system to store identifiers , of digital resources and resolve those handles into the information necessary to locate, access,, developed by Corporation for National Research Initiatives The Corporation for National Research Initiatives , based in Reston, Virginia, is a non-profit organization founded in 1986 by Robert E. Kahn as an "activities center around strategic development of network-based information technologies", including the National Information Infrastructure in the United States. CNRI publishes D-Lib, and is freely available to any user encountering a DOI name. Resolution redirects the user from a DOI name to one or more pieces of typed data: URLs representing instances of the object, services such as e-mail, or one or more items of metadata. To the Handle System, a DOI name is a handle, and so has a set of values assigned to it and may be thought of as a record that consists of a group of fields. Each handle value must have a data type specified in its "<type>" field, that defines the syntax and semantics of its data.

To resolve a DOI name, it may be input to a DOI resolver (e.g., at www.doi.org) or may be represented as a http string by preceding the DOI name by the string

http://dx.doi.org/

For example, to resolve the DOI name 10.1000/182, enter the address: "http://dx.doi.org/10.1000/182". Web pages or other hypertext documents can include hypertext links in this form. Some browsers allow the direct resolution of a DOI (or other handles) with an add-on, e.g., Mozilla Handle/DOI Protocol Handler.

Metadata

Each DOI name is associated with a series of metadata Metadata is "data about other data", of any sort in any media. An item of metadata may describe an individual datum, or content item, or a collection of data including multiple content items and hierarchical levels, for example a database schema. In data processing, metadata provides information about, or documentation of, other data. The extent of this metadata may be defined by an application profile; a small kernel of common data for all DOI names can be optionally extended with other relevant data, which may be public or restricted. The metadata can be existing data from another scheme, which can be mapped to a DOI Application Profile using a data dictionary based on the indecs Content Model.

Registrants may update metadata about their contents any time they wish (when some publication data changes, when the primary URL the DOI name resolves to is modified, etc.).

DOI assignment fees

Unlike non-standardized URL indexing services, which are generally free, there is usually a charge to assign a new DOI name, to cover the costs of providing and operating services. These fees are set independently by each individual Registration Agency. Internally, an administrative fee is paid by the RA to the IDF.

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Welcome to the DOI System
  2. ^ http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/603233448430 OECD Publishing White Paper
  3. ^ about_the_doi.html DOI Standards and Specifications
  4. ^ DOI News, March 2009, "Launch of Actionable ISBN using DOI System"

External links

Categories: Academic publishing | Electronic documents Categories: Documents | Digital media | Information retrieval | Electronic publishing | Identifiers | Indexing Categories: Library and information science | Publishing

 

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