The genus Lilium are herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs. They comprise a genus of about 110 species in the lily family, Liliaceae. They are important as large showy flowering garden plants. They are important culturally and in literature in much of the world.

Some species are sometimes grown or harvested for the edible bulbs.

The species in this genus are the true lilies. Many other plants exist with "lily" in the common English name, some of which are quite unrelated to the true lilies.

Contents

Range

The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe, the north Mediterranean region, across most of Asia to Japan, south to the Nilgiri mountains in India, and south to the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States.

They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and epiphytes are known in southeast Asia (including L. arboricola). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.

Botany

Christmas Lillium (Lilium longiflorum). 1. Stigma, 2. Style, 3. Stamens, 4. Filament, 5. Petal

Lilies are leafy stemmed herbs. They form naked or tunic-less scaly underground bulbs from which they overwinter. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. Most bulbs are deeply buried, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.

Most species are deciduous, but a few species (Lilium candidum, Lilium catesbaei) bear a basal rosette of leaves during dormancy.

Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.

The large flowers have six tepals, are often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots, brush strokes and picotees. The plants are summer flowering.

Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include Cardiocrinum, Notholirion, Nomocharis and some Fritillaria.

Taxonomy

Section Martagon

Lilium distichum
Lilium hansonii
Lilium martagon Martagon or Turk's cap lily
Lilium medeoloides
Lilium tsingtauense
Lilium debile

Section Pseudolirium

Lilium bolanderi
Lilium columbianum Columbia Lily or Tiger Lily
Lilium humboldtii Humboldt's lily
Lilium kelloggii
Lilium rubescens
Lilium washingtonianum Washington Lily, Shasta Lily, or Mt. Hood Lily
Lilium kelleyanum
Lilium maritimum
Lilium occidentale
Lilium pardalinum Panther or Leopard lily
Lilium parryi
Lilium parvum Sierra tiger lily or Alpine lily
Lilium canadense Canada Lily or Meadow Lily
Lilium puberulum
Lilium grayi
Lilium iridollae
Lilium michiganense Michigan Lily
Lilium michauxii Carolina Lily
Lilium pyrophilum
Lilium superbum Swamp lily or American tiger lily
Lilium catesbaei
Lilium philadelphicum Wood lily, Philadelphia lily or prairie lily

Section Liriotypus

Lilium bulbiferum Orange Lily or Fire Lily
Lilium candidum Madonna lily
Lilium chalcedonicum
Lilium kesselringianum
Lilium ledebourii
Lilium szovitsianum
Lilium monadelphum
Lilium pyrenaicum
Lilium rhodopeum
Lilium akkusianum
Lilium bosniacum
Lilium carniolicum
Lilium ciliatum
Lilium pomponium Turban lily
Lilium ponticum
Lilium jankae
Lilium albanicum
Lilium polyphyllum

Section Archelirion

Lilium auratum Golden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily
Lilium platyphyllum
Lilium brownii
Lilium japonicum
Lilium nobilissimum
Lilium rubellum
Lilium speciosum Japanese lily

Section Sinomartagon

Lilium davidii
Lilium duchartrei
Lilium henryi Tiger Lily or Henry's lily
Lilium lancifolium Tiger Lily
Lilium lankongense
Lilium leichtlinii
Lilium papilliferum
Lilium rosthornii
Lilium amabile
Lilium callosum
Lilium cernuum
Lilium concolor Morning Star Lily
Lilium fargesii
Lilium pumilum Coral Lily, Low Lily, or Siberian Lily
Lilium xanthellum
Lilium amoenum
Lilium bakerianum
Lilium henrici
Lilium lijiangense
Lilium lophophorum
Lilium mackliniae Siroi Lily
Lilium nanum
Lilium nepalense
Lilium oxypetalum
Lilium paradoxum
Lilium primulinum
Lilium sempervivoideum
Lilium sherriffiae
Lilium souliei
Lilium stewartianum
Lilium taliense
Lilium wardii
Lilium arboricola
Lilium anhuiense
Lilium brevistylum
Lilium habaense
Lilium huidongense
Lilium jinfushanense
Lilium matangense
Lilium pinifolium
Lilium pyi
Lilium saccatum
Lilium tianschanicum
Lilium poilanei
Lilium floridum
Lilium medogense

Section Leucolirion

Lilium leucanthum
Lilium puerense
Lilium regale
Lilium sargentiae
Lilium sulphureum
Lilium formosanum
Lilium longiflorum Easter Lily or November Lily
Lilium philippinense
Lilium wallichianum
Lilium wenshanense

Section Daurolirion

Lilium pensylvanicum
Lilium maculatum

Section not specified

Lilium eupetes

Uses

Dried Lily flower buds called 'Gum Jum' or Golden Needles in Chinese. They are often soaked, softened and used with mushrooms and other ingredients in Chinese cooking.

Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant.

Some lilies, especially Lilium longiflorum, as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, L. longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.

Lilium bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of L. lancifolium, L. pumilum, and especially L. brownii (Chinese: 百合 ; pinyin: bǎihé gān) are grown at large scale in China as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.

Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Dun-bar.

Toxicology

Many varieties of lily are extremely toxic to cats, causing acute renal failure even in small amounts. This is particularly true in the case of Easter lily plants, though other Lilium and the related Hemerocallis can also cause the same symptoms.[1][2][3]

Classification of garden forms

Asiatic hybrid flower

Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups;

An emasculated Lilium Stargazer

Propagation and growth

Liliums can be propagated in several ways;

Names

The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek leirion, which is generally assumed to be the Madonna lily.[5]. The word was borrowed from Coptic (dial. Fayyumic) hleri, from standard hreri, from Demotic hrry, from Egyptian hrṛt "flower".[citation needed]

References

This article is missing citations or needs footnotes. Please help add inline citations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (June 2009)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in si...[J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002] - PubMed Result". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12680447&dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 2008-06-22.
  2. ^ Hall J: Nephrotoxicity of Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum) when ingested by the cat, Proc Annu Meet Am Vet Int Med 6:121, 1992.
  3. ^ Volmer P: Easter lily toxicosis in cats, Vet Med 331, April 1999.
  4. ^ http://www.hcmuaf.edu.vn/ctt/softs/phtqt/biotech2006/papers/nonghoc/DTNhut4.pdf
  5. ^ "Classification". http://members.shaw.ca/lilynet/netlil/id35.htm. Retrieved on 2008-06-22.

External links

Gallery

Orange Lily showing stamens with pollen-covered anthers. Ontario, Canada. June 2002.

Pollen of Lilium auratum (Oriental Lily) Back-scattered electron microscope image

Miroscopic view of Lily pollen 100X

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lilium

Categories: Lilium | Liliales genera | Root vegetables | Flowers | Garden plants

 

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