Oreodoxa regia Kunth Oenocarpus regius (Kunth) Spreng. Palma elata W.Bartram William Bartram was an American naturalist and author of the book popularly known as "Bartram's Travels." The son of naturalist John Bartram, William Bartram was born in Kingsessing, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia. As a boy, he accompanied his father on many of his travels, to the Catskill Mountains, the New Jersey Pine Barrens, New Roystonea floridana O.F.Cook Euterpe jenmanii C.H.Wright Euterpe ventricosa C.H.Wright Roystonea jenmanii (C.H.Wright) Burret Roystonea elata (W.Bartram) F.Harper Roystonea ventricosa (C.H.Wright) L.H.Bailey Liberty Hyde Bailey was an American horticulturist, botanist and cofounder of the American Society for Horticultural Science Roystonea regia var. hondurensis P.H.Allen[1]
Roystonea regia, commonly known as the Cuban royal palm, Florida royal palm, or simply the royal palm is a species of palm Arecaceae or Palmae , the palm family, is a family of flowering plants, the only family in the monocot order Arecales. There are roughly 202 currently known genera with around 2600 species, most of which are restricted to tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates. Most palms are distinguished by their large, compound, evergreen leaves which is native to South Florida The South Florida metropolitan area, more commonly South Florida, and officially the Miami–Fort Lauderdale–Pompano Beach Metropolitan Area encompasses a three-county area of the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Florida. The metropolitan area covers the counties of Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach. The three counties are the three most, Mexico In Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory, which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain which would eventually become Mexico and part of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. Central America is considered to be part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, excluding the southern portions of Panama and the northern Caribbean The Caribbean is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands , and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America. Although it ranged into central Florida in the eighteenth century, for some unknown reason in modern times it is only known from tropical parts of south Florida. A large and attractive palm, it has been planted throughout the tropics and subtropics as an ornamental tree. Although it is sometimes called R. elata, the name R. regia is preferred, as it is now a conserved name.
Although it is best known as an ornamental, R. regia is also used as a source of thatch, construction timber, and as a medicinal plant. The fruit is eaten by birds and bats (which disperse the seeds) and fed to livestock. Its flowers are visited by birds and bats, and it serves as a roosting site and food source for a variety of animals. Roystonea regia is the national tree A national emblem symbolically represents a nation. Most national emblems originate in the natural world, such as animals or birds, but another object may serve. National emblems may appear on many things such as the national flag, coat of arms, or other patriotic materials. One should not confuse a formal national emblem with less formal symbols of Cuba The Republic of Cuba (pronounced /ˈkjuːbə/ ; Spanish: República de Cuba, pronounced [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] ( listen)) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos,[2] and has religious significance both in Santería Santería is a syncretic religion of West African and Caribbean origin, also known as Regla de Ocha, La Regla Lucumi, or Lukumi. Its liturgical language, a dialect of Yoruba, is also known as Lucumi and Christianity, where it is used in Palm Sunday Palm Sunday is a Christian moveable feast that always falls on the Sunday before Easter Sunday. The feast commemorates an event mentioned by all four Canonical Gospels : the triumphant entry of Jesus into Jerusalem in the days before his Passion. It is also called Passion Sunday or Palm Sunday of the Lord's Passion observances.
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Description
View of a mature individual from below. The distinctive crownshaft The leaf bases of some pinnate leaved palms form a sheath at the top of the trunk surrounding the bud where all the subsequent leaves are formed and canopy of pinnate leaves is clearly visible. Note the smooth trunk and rows of circular leaf scarsRoystonea regia is a large palm which reaches a height of 20–30 metres (66–98 ft) tall,[3] (with heights up to 34.5 m (113 ft) reported)[4] and a stem diameter of about 47 centimetres (19 in).[3] (K. F. Connor reports a maximum stem diameter of 61 cm (24 in).)[4] The trunk is stout, very smooth and grey-white in colour with a characteristic bulge below a distinctive green crownshaft The leaf bases of some pinnate leaved palms form a sheath at the top of the trunk surrounding the bud where all the subsequent leaves are formed.[5] Trees have about 15 leaves which can be up to 4 m (13 ft) long.[3]
The flowers are white with pinkish anthers.[5] The fruit are spheroid A spheroid, or ellipsoid of revolution is a quadric surface obtained by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes; in other words, an ellipsoid with two equal semi-diameters to ellipsoid An ellipsoid is a closed type of quadric surface that is a higher dimensional analogue of an ellipse. The equation of a standard axis-aligned ellipsoid body in an xyz-Cartesian coordinate system is in shape, 8.9–15 millimetres (0.35–0.59 in) long and 7–10.9 mm (0.28–0.43 in) wide.[3] They are green when immature, turning red and eventually purplish-black as they mature.[5]
Root nodules Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria containing Rhizobium Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium forms an endosymbiotic nitrogen fixing association with roots of legumes bacteria have been found on R. regia trees in India Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four major religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The presence of rhizobia Rhizobia are soil bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae). Rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. Morphologically, they are generally gram negative, motile, non-sporulating rods-containing root nodules is usually associated with nitrogen fixation Nitrogen fixation generally refers to the natural process, either biological or abiotic, by which nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia. This process is essential for life because fixed nitrogen is required to biosynthesize the basic building blocks of life, e.g. nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for proteins. Formally, nitrogen in legumes A legume in botanical writing is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A legume fruit is a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a pod, although "pod" is also applied to a few other fruit types,; this was the first record of root nodules in a monocotyledonous Monocotyledons, also known as monocots, are one of two major groups of flowering plants that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons, or dicots. Monocot seedlings typically have one cotyledon (seed-leaf), in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots. Monocots have been recognized at various taxonomic ranks, and under tree.[6] Further evidence of nitrogen fixation was provided by the presence of nitrogenase (an enzyme used in nitrogen fixation) and leghaemoglobin, a compound which allows nitrogenase to function by reducing the oxygen concentration in the root nodule.[6] In addition to evidence of nitrogen fixation, the nodules were also found to be producing indole acetic acid, an important plant hormone Plant hormones are chemicals that regulate plant growth, which, in the UK, are termed 'plant growth substances'. Plant hormones are signal molecules produced within the plant, and occur in extremely low concentrations. Hormones regulate cellular processes in targeted cells locally and when moved to other locations, in other locations of the plant.[7][8]
Taxonomy
Roystonea is placed in the subfamily What does and does not belong to each family is determined by a taxonomist. Similarly for the question if a particular family should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing a family Arecoideae and the tribe In biology, a tribe — or infrafamily — is a taxonomic rank between family and genus. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes Roystoneae.[9] The placement Roystonea within the Arecoideae is uncertain; a phylogeny In biology, phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms , which is discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices. The term phylogenetics is of Greek origin from the terms phyle/phylon (φυλή/φῦλον), meaning "tribe, race," and genetikos (γενετικός based on plastid Plastids are major organelles found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. Plastids often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell's colour DNA failed to resolve the position of the genus within the Arecoideae.[10] As of 2008, there appear to be no molecular phylogenetic studies of Roystonea[9] and the relationship between R. regia and the rest of the genus is uncertain.
The species was first described by American ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language naturalist William Bartram William Bartram was an American naturalist and author of the book popularly known as "Bartram's Travels." The son of naturalist John Bartram, William Bartram was born in Kingsessing, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia. As a boy, he accompanied his father on many of his travels, to the Catskill Mountains, the New Jersey Pine Barrens, New in 1791 as Palma elata based on trees growing in central Florida With an area of 65,758 square miles , it is ranked 22nd in size among the 50 U.S. states. Florida has the longest coastline in the Contiguous United States encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km). The state has four large urban areas, a number of smaller industrial cities, and many small towns.[5] In 1816 German The German people are an ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent, and speaking the German language as a mother tongue. Within Germany, Germans are defined by citizenship (Federal Germans, Bundesdeutsche), distinguished from people of German ancestry (Deutschstämmige). Historically, in the context of the German botanist Carl Sigismund Kunth described the species Oreodoxa regia[1] based on collections made by Alexander von Humboldt Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt (September 14, 1769 – May 6, 1859) was a German naturalist and explorer, and the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguist, Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography was foundational to the field of biogeography and Aimé Bonpland Aimé Jacques Alexandre Bonpland was a French explorer and botanist in Cuba The Republic of Cuba (pronounced /ˈkjuːbə/ ; Spanish: República de Cuba, pronounced [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] ( listen)) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.[11] In 1825 German botanist Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel moved it to the genus Oenocarpus and renamed it O. regius.[1]
The genus Oreodoxa was proposed by German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow Carl Ludwig Willdenow was a German botanist, pharmacist, and plant taxonomist. He is considered one of the founders of phytogeography, the study of the geographic distribution of plants. Willdenow was also a mentor of Alexander von Humboldt one of the earliest and best known phytogeographers in 1807[12] and applied by him to two species, O. acuminata (now known as Prestoea acuminata) and O. praemorsa (now Wettinia praemorsa). Although these species were transferred to other genera, the genus Oreodoxa continued to be applied to a variety of superficially similar species which were not, in fact, closely related.[13] To address this problem, American botanist Orator F. Cook created the genus Roystonea,[14] which he named in honour of American general Roy Stone,[13] and renamed Kunth's species Roystonea regia.[14]
Stem base of two individuals in Kolkata Kolkata , is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Kolkata is the cultural capital of India and the commercial capital of Eastern India. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the Hooghly River. The Kolkata metropolitan area including suburbs has a population exceeding 15 million, making it the third most populous, India Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four major religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam showing fibrous roots typical of monocots.Cook considered Floridian populations to be distinct from both the Cuba R. regia and the Puerto Rican Puerto Rico is composed of an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands, the largest of which are Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area of the Greater Antilles. It, however, ranks third in population among that group of four islands, which also include R. borinquena, and he placed them in a new species, R. floridana,[13] which is now considered a synonym of R. regia.[1] In 1906 Charles Henry Wright described two new species based on collections from Georgetown Georgetown, estimated population 239,227 , is the capital and largest city of Guyana, located in the Demerara-Mahaica region. It is situated on the Atlantic Ocean coast at the mouth of the Demerara River and it was nicknamed 'Garden City of the Caribbean.' Georgetown is located at 6°48′N 58°10′W / 6.8°N 58.167°W. The city serves, British Guiana (now Guyana Guyana (pronounced /ɡaɪˈænə/ gye-AN-ə), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is a state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana has been a former colony of the British, Dutch and for a brief period, the French. It is the only state of) which he placed in the genus Euterpe In Greek mythology, Euterpe (pronounced /juːˈtɜrpiː/, [eu̯térpɛ̀ː] in Ancient Greek, or [ɛfˈtɛrpi] in Modern Greek; "rejoicing well" or "delight" from Ancient Greek εὖ (well) + τέρπειν terpein (to please)) was one of the Muses, the daughters of Mnemosyne, fathered by Zeus. Called the "Giver of delight& — E. jenmanii and E. ventricosa.[15] Both species are now considered synonyms of R. regia.[1] The name R. regia var. hondurensis was applied by Paul H. Allen to Central American populations of the species. However, Scott Zona determined that they did not differ enough from Cuban populations to be considered a separate variety In botanical nomenclature, variety is a taxonomic rank below that of species: as such, it gets a ternary name.[3]
Based on the rules of botanical nomenclature Botanical nomenclature is the formal, scientific naming of plants. It has a long history, going back to the period when Latin was the scientific language throughout Europe, and perhaps further back to Theophrastos. The key event was Linnaeus’ adoption of binary names for plant species in his Species Plantarum . This gave every plant species a, the oldest properly published name for a species has priority over newer names. Bartram applied the Linnaean binomial Linnaean taxonomy is a term for rank-based classification of organisms, in general. That is, taxonomy in the traditional sense of the word: rank-based scientific classification, This term is especially used as opposed to other ways of categorizing organisms, like cladistics and phenetics. It is attributed to Linnaeus, although he neither invented Palma elata to a "large, solitary palm with an ashen white trunk topped by a green leaf sheath [the crownshaft] and pinnate leaves"[16] growing in central Florida. While no type collection In biology, a type is that which fixes a name to a taxon. Depending on the nomenclature code which is applied to the organism in question, a type may be a specimen, culture, illustration, description or taxon is known, there are no other native palms that would fit Bartram's description.[16] In 1946 Francis Harper pointed out that Bartram's name was valid and proposed a new combination, Roystonea elata. Liberty Hyde Bailey Liberty Hyde Bailey was an American horticulturist, botanist and cofounder of the American Society for Horticultural Science's use of the name in his 1949 revision of the genus, established its usage.[16]
Harper's new combination immediately supplanted Cook's R. floridana, but there was disagreement as to whether Cuban and Floridian populations represented a single species or two species. Zona's revision of the genus concluded that they both belonged to the same species. According to the rules of botanical nomenclature, the correct name of the species should have been Roystonea elata. Zona pointed out, however, that the name R. regia (or Oreodoxa regia) has a history of use in horticulture that dated from at least 1838, and that the species had been propagated around the world under that name. Roystonea elata, on the other hand, had only been used since 1949, and was used much less widely. On that basis, Zona proposed that the name Roystonea regia should be conserved.[16]
