Viridiplantae (literally "green plants")[1][2][3] are a clade A clade is a term used in modern alpha taxonomy, the scientific classification of living and fossil organisms, to describe a monophyletic group, defined as a group consisting of a single common ancestor and all its descendants.[note 1] comprising the green algae The green algae are the large group of algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged. As such, they form a paraphyletic group, although the group including both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic (and often just known as kingdom Plantae). The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always and land plants.[4][5]

In some classification systems they have been treated as a kingdom In biological taxonomy, kingdom and/or regnum is a taxonomic rank in either the highest rank, or (in the new three-domain system) the rank below domain. Each kingdom is divided into smaller groups called phyla (or in some contexts these are called "divisions"). Currently, many textbooks from the United States use a system of six kingdoms,[6] under various names, e.g. Viridiplantae, Chlorobionta, or simply Plantae.

Together with Rhodophyta The red algae (or Rhodophyta, pronounced /roʊˈdɒfɨtə, ˌroʊdəˈfaɪtə/, from Greek: ῥόδον = rose + φυτόν (phyton) = plant, thus red plant) are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae, and also one of the largest, with about 5,000–6,000 species of mostly multicellular, marine algae, including many notable seaweeds. Other and glaucophytes The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of freshwater microscopic algae. Together with the red algae and Viridiplantae they form the Archaeplastida. However, the relationships between the red algae, green algae and glaucophytes are unclear, in large part due to limited study of the glaucophytes, Viridaeplantae are thought to belong to a larger clade called Primoplantae or Archaeplastida The Archaeplastida are a major line of eukaryotes, comprising the land plants, green and red algae, and a small group called the glaucophytes. All of these organisms have plastids surrounded by two membranes, suggesting they developed directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. In all other groups, plastids are surrounded by three or four membranes,.

The monophyletic In common cladistic usage, a monophyletic group is a taxon which forms a clade, meaning that it consists of an ancestor and all its descendants. The term is synonymous with the uncommon term holophyly. It is contrasted with the terms paraphyly, which is a taxon consisting of an ancestor and some of its descendants, and polyphyly, which is a taxon Chlorophyta Chlorophyta, a division of green algae, includes about 7,000 species of mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. Like the land plants , green algae contain chlorophylls a and b, and store food as starch in their plastids. They are related to the Charophyta and Embryophyta (land plants), together making up the Viridiplantae and Streptophyta Streptophytina is formally a subdivision or subphylum which contains two classes: Charophyceae, containing the Charales order (Charophytes sensu stricto); and Embryophyceae, which contains the embryophytes (land plants, bryophytes, and vascular plants) are classified under Viridiplantae.[7]

There are more than 350,000 species of Viridiplantae.[8]

Viridiplantae do not possess class-I myosins Myosins are a large family of motor proteins found in eukaryotic tissues. They are responsible for actin-based motility.[9]

References

  1. ^ Duvick J, Fu A, Muppirala U, et al (January 2008). "PlantGDB: a resource for comparative plant genomics". Nucleic Acids Res. 36 (Database issue): D959–65. doi The Digital Object Identifier System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks. These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean the:10.1093/nar/gkm1041. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 18063570. PMC PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences 2238959. http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18063570.
  2. ^ "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=33090. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  3. ^ Cocquyt E, Verbruggen H, Leliaert F, Zechman FW, Sabbe K, De Clerck O (2009). "Gain and loss of elongation factor genes in green algae". BMC Evol. Biol. 9: 39. doi The Digital Object Identifier System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks. These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean the:10.1186/1471-2148-9-39. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 19216746. PMC PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences 2652445. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/39.
  4. ^ Becker B (2007). "Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants (Viridiplantae)". Int. Rev. Cytol. 264: 1–24. doi The Digital Object Identifier System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks. These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean the:10.1016/S0074-7696(07)64001-7. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 17964920. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0074-7696(07)64001-7.
  5. ^ Kim E, Graham LE (2008). "EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata". PLoS ONE 3 (7): e2621. doi The Digital Object Identifier System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks. These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean the:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 18612431. PMC PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences 2440802. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002621.
  6. ^ "Viridiplantae". http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/33090. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  7. ^ Simon A, Glöckner G, Felder M, Melkonian M, Becker B (2006). "EST analysis of the scaly green flagellate Mesostigma viride (Streptophyta): implications for the evolution of green plants (Viridiplantae)". BMC Plant Biol. 6: 2. doi The Digital Object Identifier System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks. These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean the:10.1186/1471-2229-6-2. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 16476162. PMC PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences 1413533. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/6/2.
  8. ^ Smith SA, Beaulieu JM, Donoghue MJ (2009). "Mega-phylogeny approach for comparative biology: an alternative to supertree and supermatrix approaches". BMC Evol. Biol. 9: 37. doi The Digital Object Identifier System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks. These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean the:10.1186/1471-2148-9-37. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 19210768. PMC PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences 2645364. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/37.
  9. ^ Odronitz F, Kollmar M (2007). "Drawing the tree of eukaryotic life based on the analysis of 2,269 manually annotated myosins from 328 species". Genome Biol. 8 (9): R196. doi The Digital Object Identifier System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks. These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean the:10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-r196. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 17877792. PMC PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences 2375034. http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/8/R196.
This biology Biology is the natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. The term biology in its modern sense appears to have been introduced independently by Karl Friedrich Burdach (1800), Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (Biologie oder article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Eukaryota A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear envelope, within which the genetic material is carried. The presence of a nucleus gives eukaryotes their name, which comes from the classification
Domain In biological taxonomy, a domain is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms, higher than a kingdom. According to the three-domain system of Carl Woese, introduced in 1990, the Tree of Life consists of three domains: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. The arrangement of taxa reflects the fundamental differences in the genomes. There are some : Archaea The Archaea [ɑrˈkiə] are a group of single-celled microorganisms. A single individual or species from this domain is called an archaeon (sometimes spelled "archeon"). They have no cell nucleus or any other organelles within their cells. In the past they were viewed as an unusual group of bacteria and named archaebacteria but since the - Bacteria The bacteria ( [bækˈtɪərɪə] ; singular: bacterium)[α] are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth, growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, water, and - Eukaryota
Bikonta A Bikont is a eukaryotic cell with two flagella, as its name suggests. It is a division of eukaryotes
AH/SAR
AH
Archaeplastida The Archaeplastida are a major line of eukaryotes, comprising the land plants, green and red algae, and a small group called the glaucophytes. All of these organisms have plastids surrounded by two membranes, suggesting they developed directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. In all other groups, plastids are surrounded by three or four membranes,, or Plantae sensu lato Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. They include familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The scientific study of plants, known as botany, has identified about 350,000 extant species of plants, defined as seed plants, bryophytes, ferns and fern allies. As of 2004, Viridiplantae/Plantae sensu stricto Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. They include familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The scientific study of plants, known as botany, has identified about 350,000 extant species of plants, defined as seed plants, bryophytes, ferns and fern allies. As of 2004, · Rhodophyta The red algae (or Rhodophyta, pronounced /roʊˈdɒfɨtə, ˌroʊdəˈfaɪtə/, from Greek: ῥόδον = rose + φυτόν (phyton) = plant, thus red plant) are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae, and also one of the largest, with about 5,000–6,000 species of mostly multicellular, marine algae, including many notable seaweeds. Other · Glaucocystophyceae The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of freshwater microscopic algae. Together with the red algae and Viridiplantae they form the Archaeplastida. However, the relationships between the red algae, green algae and glaucophytes are unclear, in large part due to limited study of the glaucophytes
Hacrobia, or non-SAR Chromalveolata is a eukaryote supergroup first proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith as a refinement of his kingdom Chromista, which was first proposed in 1981. It was proposed to represent the result of a single secondary endosymbiosis of a line descending from a bikont with a red alga that became the progenitor of chlorophyll c containing plastids chromalveolata Chromalveolata is a eukaryote supergroup first proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith as a refinement of his kingdom Chromista, which was first proposed in 1981. It was proposed to represent the result of a single secondary endosymbiosis of a line descending from a bikont with a red alga that became the progenitor of chlorophyll c containing plastids Haptophyta The term "Haptophyceae" is sometimes used. This ending implies classification at a lower level. However, although the phylogenetics of this group has become much more well understood in recent years, there remains some dispute over which taxon level is most appropriate · Cryptophyta The cryptomonads are a group of algae, most of which have chloroplasts. They are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around 10-50 μm in size and flattened in shape, with an anterior groove or pocket. At the edge of the pocket there are typically two slightly unequal flagella · Centroheliozoa The centrohelids or centroheliozoa are a large group of heliozoan protists. They include both mobile and sessile forms, found in freshwater and marine environments, especially at some depth
SAR The SAR supergroup is a clade that includes Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizaria
SA Chromalveolata is a eukaryote supergroup first proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith as a refinement of his kingdom Chromista, which was first proposed in 1981. It was proposed to represent the result of a single secondary endosymbiosis of a line descending from a bikont with a red alga that became the progenitor of chlorophyll c containing plastids
Heterokont The heterokonts or stramenopiles are a major line of eukaryotes presently containing more than 100,000 known species, most of them diatoms. Most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to the unicellular diatoms, which are a primary component of plankton. Other notable members of the Stramenopila include the oomycetes, including ("S") Ochrophyta · Bigyra It includes Bicosoecida, Blastocystis and Labyrinthulida · Pseudofungi
Alveolata Ciliates · Myzozoa (Apicomplexa, Dinoflagellata)
Rhizaria Cercozoa · Retaria (Foraminifera, Radiolaria)
Excavata Discoba (Euglenozoa, Percolozoa) · Metamonad · Malawimonas
Apusozoa Apusomonadida (Apusomonas) · Ancyromonadida (Ancyromonas) · Hemimastigida (Hemimastix, Spironema, Stereonema)
Unikonta
Amoebozoa Lobosea · Conosa · Phalansterium
Opisthokonta
Holozoa
Mesomycetozoea Dermocystida · Ichthyophonida
Filozoa
Filasterea Capsaspora · Ministeria
Choanoflagellatea Codonosigidae
Metazoa or "Animalia" Eumetazoa (Bilateria, Cnidaria, Ctenophora) · Mesozoa · Parazoa (Placozoa, Porifera)
Fungi Dikarya (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota) · Glomeromycota · Zygomycota · Blastocladiomycota · Chytridiomycota/Neocallimastigomycota · Microsporidia sister: Nucleariidae (Nuclearia, Micronuclearia)
Classification of Archaeplastida / Plantae sensu lato
Rhodophyta Rhodophyceae · Bangiophyceae · Florideophyceae · Goniotrichales · Stylonematophyceae
Glaucocystophyceae Glaucocystis · Cyanophora · Gloeochaete
Viridiplantae/ Plantae sensu stricto
Chlorophyta/GA Prasinophyceae UTC clade: Ulvophyceae · Trebouxiophyceae · Chlorophyceae
Streptophyta
Charophyta/GA
Chlorokybophyceae Chlorokybales
Klebsormidiophyceae Klebsormidiales
Zygnematophyceae Desmidiales · Zygnematales
Charophyceae Charales
Coleochaetophyceae Coleochaetales
Embryophyta/ Plantae sensu strictissimo
Bryophytes (non-vascular) Marchantiophyta · Anthocerotophyta · Bryophyta "Moss" · Horneophytopsida
Tracheophyta
Lycopodiophyta Isoetopsida (Isoetales, Selaginellales) · Lycopodiopsida (Lycopodiales)
Euphyllophyta Moniliformopses (Equisetopsida, Filicopsida, Psilotopsida) Spermatophyta: Gymnosperm (Pinophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta) · Magnoliophyta
See also: list of plant orders

Categories: Classification systems | Scientific classification | Plants | Plant taxonomy

 

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